Long-Term Variability of the Hydrological Regime and Its Response to Climate Warming in the Zhizdra River Basin of the Eastern European Plain

Climate warming globally has a profound effect on the hydrological regime, amplifying evapotranspiration and precipitation accelerating processes of snow melt permafrost thaw. However, in context small river basins—those encompassing less than 10,000 km2—the response regime to climate change is intricate not yet been thoroughly understood. In this study, Zhizdra River Basin, typical basin eastern European plain with total drainage area 6940 km2, was selected investigate long-term variability its responses warming. Our results show that during period 1958–2016, average runoff Basin approximately 170 mm, significant fluctuations but no trend. Sensitivity analysis by Budyko framework revealed more sensitive changes (P) compared potential (E0), implying limited water availability slightly dry A comprehensive based seasonality hydrometeorological data temperature predominantly affects spring runoff, while P mainly controls autumn runoff. Both factors make contributions winter change, nonuniformity coefficient (Cv) concentration ratio (Cn) have noticeably declined, indicating stabilized evenly distributed within basin. The insights gleaned from research illuminate complex basins underlining interrelation among evapotranspiration, precipitation, This understanding pivotal for efficient resource management sustainable development era global